ABSTRACT. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the principal component analysis (PCA) to guide technical assistance regarding several dairy farms’ issues, which includes improving microbiological quality and physical-chemical composition of raw refrigerated milk. Data of monthly analysis of fat, protein, lactose, dry defatted stratum, somatic cell count, total bacterial count, milk temperature of 8,101 samples of milk from expansion tanks and production of 78 farms located in the northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil were processed. Descriptive statistical measures and Pearson correlation coefficient were estimated involving all evaluated traits during the dry and rainy seasons. In addition, multivariate analyses were performed using PCA. The results showed that two farm sites were negatively related to milk quality in both seasons. One farm stood out positively, being able to be used as a herd management model to drive technical assistance actions. Thus, PCA is efficient in simplifying large amounts of data, allowing simpler and faster technical herd management interpretation.

Abstract In this study, four milk substrates were analyzed to evaluate bovine Lactobacillus plantarum strain viability after 24 and 48 h of fermentation. In addition, cell viability, and post-acidification in transition milk fermented by these bacteria were assessed over a 60-d storage period at 4 and 25 °C. Significant reduction (30.9 %) of cell viability after 48 h of fermentation was observed for the formulation with whole milk. However, in fermented transition milk stored at 4 °C, cell viability and acidity were maintained at acceptable levels throughout the 60-d storage period. The viability of L. plantarum in fermented transition milk stored at 25 °C remained acceptable up to 50 d and minimum pH values were analyzed after 38 d of storage and maximum acidity levels after 56 d. Considering these results, transition milk may be preserved by L. plantarum fermentation as a substitute for milk in the artificial feed for calves as functional food.

Resumen En este estudio se analizaron cuatro sustratos de la leche para evaluar la viabilidad de la cepa de Lactobacillus plantarum de origen bovino después de 24 y 48 horas de fermentación. Además, se evaluó la viabilidad celular y la post-acidificación en la leche de transición fermentada por estas bacterias durante un periodo de almacenamiento de 60 días a 4 y 25 °C. Se observó una reducción significativa (de 30.9 %) de la viabilidad celular después de 48 horas de fermentación para la formulación con leche entera. Sin embargo, en la leche de transición fermentada almacenada a 4 °C, la viabilidad celular y la acidez se mantuvieron en niveles aceptables a lo largo del periodo de 60 días. La viabilidad de L. plantarum en la leche de transición fermentada permaneció aceptable hasta los 50 días, y se analizaron los valores de pH mínimo después de 38 días de almacenamiento y los niveles máximos de acidez después de 56 días. Tomando en cuenta estos resultados, la leche de transición puede ser conservada mediante la fermentación con L. plantarum como un sustituto de la leche en la alimentación artificial para terneros como alimento funcional.

Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the helminthiasis and anthelminthic effectiveness in calf herds raised in a hot semi-arid area. Sixty (60) cattle farms from the northern area of Minas Gerais, Brazilian sertão, were categorized by semi-structured questionnaires. It was also performed the fecal egg counts (FEC) reduction test to analyze the profile of anthelminthic resistance in eight herds. The study selected groups of at least 10 homogeneous calves with FEC ≥ 150 per treatment. After 12 h of fast, calf groups were treated with albendazole, levamisole, ivermectin, doramectin or abamectin, except the control groups (untreated). It was collected feces before treatments and 14 d later larvae genera of nematodes were identified after coproculture. Extensive grazing was the predominant creation system for beef calves, deworming was employed every 6 mo in 64 % of the farms and macrocyclic lactones was the most frequently used anthelminthic group. The anthelminthic efficacy varied from 62 to 98.9 %. The resistance profile to ivermectin, levaminosole, albendazole and (or) doramectin verified in this research is alarming as the genus Haemonchus was the most frequent one before and after the treatments. It was detected variations in the creation systems, in control practices and in anthelminthic susceptibility profiles between herds. Therefore, this work emphasize the importance of using strategic control with FEC reduction test for choice of anthelminthic and the encouragement of practices of alternative control.

Resumen: El uso excesivo o inadecuado de los antihelmínticos sintéticos está promoviendo la selección de cepas resistentes de nematodos gastrointestinales al nivel mundial. Se llevó a cabo la caracterización de la helmintiasis y la eficacia antihelmíntica de cinco antihelmínticos en una muestra de becerros criados en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. El estado está ubicado en una región conocida como el Sertão, y el clima es semiárido cálido. Se aplicaron cuestionarios semi-estructurados para recopilar datos sobre 60 granjas de ganado en el norte del estado. En ocho hatos se realizaron pruebas de la reducción del recuento de huevos fecales (RHF) para analizar el perfil de resistencia a cinco antihelmínticos comunes (albendazol, levamisol, ivermectina, doramectina y abamectina). Para aplicar el RHF, se recolectaron muestras fecales de grupos de al menos 10 becerros homogéneos con un RHF ≥150 por tratamiento. Se tomaron las muestras un día antes y catorce días después de la desparasitación con uno de los antihelmínticos; un grupo de control no recibió ningún tratamiento. Por medio de coprocultivo, se identificaron los géneros de las larvas presentes en las muestras. El cuestionario arrojó que el pastoreo extensivo fue el sistema predominante de producción de becerros, que se administraron antihelmínticos cada seis meses en el 64 % de las granjas, y que las lactonas macrocíclicas fue el grupo antihelmíntico más utilizado. La eficacia de los antihelmínticos evaluados varió entre el 62 y el 98.9 %. El perfil de resistencia verificado de la ivermectina, el levamisol, el albendazol y la doramectina es preocupante porque el género Haemonchus fue el más frecuente antes y después de los tratamientos. Se detectaron variaciones entre los hatos en términos de los sistemas de cría, las prácticas de control y los perfiles de susceptibilidad a los antihelmínticos. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de implementar el control estratégico de parásitos mediante la prueba de reducción de RHF para la elección de antihelmínticos, y de fomentar prácticas alternativas de control.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de feno de folha ou pseudocaule de banana em dietas completas sobre a ingestão, a digestibilidade de nutrientes e a produção ruminal de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta em cordeiros. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros Santa Inês x Dorper, alocados em cinco tratamentos: 400 g kg-1 de feno de Cynodon spp.; 200 g kg-1 de feno de folha de bananeira + 200 g kg-1 de feno de Cynodon spp.; 400 g kg-1 de feno de folha de bananeira; e 200 g kg-1 de feno de pseudocaule de banana + 200 g kg-1 de feno de Cynodon spp. e 400 g kg-1 de feno de pseudocaule de banana. A inclusão de resíduos culturais de banana não teve efeito sobre consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido, carboidratos não fibrosos e carboidratos totais, cujas médias foram de 1.086,8, 1.000,1, 182,7, 374,3, 194,7, 390,2 e 771,6 g por dia, respectivamente. Houve redução na digestibilidade da FDN com a inclusão de 400 g kg-1 de feno de folhas, mas não foram observadas diferenças nos outros tratamentos. A adição de feno de folha e de pseudocaule de banana pode substituir o feno de Cynodon spp. sem alterar a ingestão, a digestibilidade de nutrientes e a concentração ruminal de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of banana leaf or pseudostem hay in complete diets on the intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal short-chain fatty acid production by lambs. A total of 30 Santa Inês x Dorper lambs were allocated to five treatments: 400 g kg-1 Cynodon spp. hay; 200 g kg-1 banana leaf hay + 200 g kg-1 Cynodon spp. hay; 400 g kg-1 banana leaf hay; and 200 g kg-1 banana pseudostem hay + 200 g kg-1 Cynodon spp. hay and 400 g kg-1 banana pseudostem hay. The inclusion of banana crop residues had no effect on dry matter intake, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total carbohydrates, which presented averages of 1,086.8, 1,000.1, 182.7, 374.3, 194.7, 390.2, and 771.6 g per day, respectively. There was a reduction in NDF digestibility with the inclusion of 400 g kg-1 leaf hay, but no differences were observed in the other treatments. The addition of both banana leaf and pseudostem hay can replace Cynodon spp. hay without affecting intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal concentration of short-chain fatty acids.

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to determine the effects of the inclusion of macauba cake, from biodiesel processing, on profile of rumen protozoa of Santa Ines lambs. Twenty-four lambs were randomized in block design supplemented with macauba cake at 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/kg of dry weight of the diet. Concentrations of small, medium, and large protozoa had quadratic relationships with inclusion of macauba cake, with maximum protozoa occurring at 100 g/kg. High genus diversity occurred in rumen fluid of lambs that did not feed macauba cake, comprising 13 protozoa genera. However, only the genera Isotricha, Charonina, Entodinium, Diplodinium, Eodinium, Diploplastron, and Polyplastron were detected in lambs fed 300 g/kg macauba cake, indicating that these protozoa were resistant to the effects of the cake. Addition of macauba cake levels greater than 100 g/kg show antiprotozoal effect in the rumen.

Protozoários do rúmen podem representar 40% do nitrogênio total e 60% do produto final da fermentação e apresentam atividade celulolítica. Neste estudo, objetivou-se quantificar e identificar as populações de protozoários no rúmen de novilhos, criados exclusivamente em pastagem, durante o período seco do ano, no Norte de Minas Gerais. Amostras do suco ruminal de 36 novilhos mestiços Nelore foram coletadas diretamente do rúmen, após o abate, durante o inicio, meio ou fim do período de estiagem. Para conservação dos protozoários, 1 mL do suco ruminal foi diluído em 9 mL de solução de formaldeido a 10%. Posteriormente, foram realizadas diluições decimais em solução salina e contagem de protozoários pequenos, médios e grandes em câmara de Sedgewick Rafter. As concentrações de protozoários foram transformadas em log10 (x+1) e submetidas à análise de variância e as médias comparadas com teste de Duncan. As frequências dos gêneros foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado. As médias da concentração total e de pequenos e médios protozoários diminuíram significativamente com o decorrer do período seco; entretanto, os grandes protozoários não apresentaram alterações na concentração média durante os três períodos avaliados. Foram identificados 7749 protozoários, pertencentes a 17 gêneros diferentes. Observou-se que os gêneros Charonina e Entodinium apresentaram alta ocorrência no início, meio e final do período da seca (p<0,05), indicando a participação desses ciliados em bovinos alimentados exclusivamente a pasto, durante esse período do ano.

Protozoa of the rumen can represent 40% of total nitrogen and 60% of the final product of fermentation and it has cellulolytic activity. This study aimed to quantify and identify the ruminal protozoa populations from steers, raised exclusively on pastures during the dry season in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples of ruminal fluid of 36 Nellore steers were collected directly from the rumen immediately after slaughter, during the early, middle or end of the dry season. For protozoa conservation, 1 mL of ruminal fluid was diluted in 9 mL of 10 % formaldehydes solution. Decimal dilutions were made in saline and the counting of small, medium and large protozoa was performed in Sedgewick Rafter chamber. The protozoa concentrations were transformed into log10 (x +1), subjected to variance analysis and the means were compared with Duncan test. The genus frequencies were compared with chi-square test. The concentration average of the total and of small and medium protozoa declined significantly over the course of the dry season; however, alterations in large protozoa concentrations were not detected over the three periods evaluated. A total of 7749 protozoa were identified, belonging to 17 different genera. Charonina spp. and Entodinium spp. had the highest occurrence during the three periods of dry season (P <0.05), suggesting the participation of these ciliates in rumen cattle fed exclusively on tropical pasture during this season.

Piper aduncum L., Piperaceae, has been used to treat mainly inflammatory diseases and has shown several biological activities such as insecticidal and larvicidal. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil of P. aduncum and its efficacy to egg-hatching inhibition of Haemonchus contortus from sheep. The essential oil was obtained from leaves and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. It was possible to characterize 22 different substances, among them monoterpenes (80.6%) and sesquiterpenes (13.9%). The major compound was identified as 1,8-cineole (55.8%). Eggs of the nematode were exposed to four concentrations of the essential oil. Levamisole phosphate was used as positive control. The essential oil showed to be effective in inhibiting H. contortus hatchability and the LC90 was calculated as 8.9 mg.ml-1. These results can point out the P. aduncumessential oil and its chemical components as potential alternative to control of H. contortus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros da raça Holandesa, aleitados com leite ou silagem de leite de transição diluída em água ou misturada ao leite, bem como realizar análise econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 18 animais, com peso corporal inicial médio de 36,50±4,03 kg, alojados individualmente em baias. Os animais receberam quatro litros de dieta líquida por dia, durante 54 dias. Os dados de consumo, ganho de peso diário, medidas de crescimento e conversão alimentar foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas; e o peso corporal final, o ganho total e a ocorrência de diarreia foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A silagem de leite de transição não alterou o consumo de concentrado e o total de matéria seca, nem a ocorrência de diarreia. O desempenho dos animais foi reduzido, quando a silagem foi diluída em água, o que resultou em menor peso final e menor ganho total de peso. Os animais tratados com silagem misturada ao leite tiveram desempenho similar aos tratados com leite, o que possibilita menor custo por quilograma de ganho de peso total e se mostra como opção viável para o aleitamento de bezerros leiteiros.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of Holstein calves fed with milk or transition milk silage diluted on water or mixed with whole milk, as well as to determine the economic viability of the diets. Eighteen calves, with an average initial body weight of 36.50±4.03 kg, were individually housed in stalls. The animals were fed four liters of the liquid diet a day, during 54 days. Consumption data, daily weight gain, growth measurements, and feed conversion were analyzed in split plots. Final body weight, total weight gain, and occurrence of diarrhea were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Transition milk silage did not affect concentrate intake, total dry matter intake and the occurrence of diarrhea. Animal performance was reduced when silage was diluted on water, resulting in lower final weight and lower total weight gain. Animals treated with transition milk silage mixed with whole milk had a similar performance to the ones treated with whole milk, which allows a lower cost per kilogram of total weight gain, and shows to be a viable option for the feeding of milking calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerobic microbiota of the rumen fluid from Holstein cows and heifers fed different tropical forage in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of rumen fluid from cows fed with sorghum silage were collected: 32 from cows fed Brachiaria brizantha, 12 from heifers that received sorghum silage and 11 from calves fed sugar cane foliage. The culture was carried out using the agar Sabouraud medium and the solid C medium, containing microcrystalline cellulose. The isolated mycelial fungi were identified by microculture technique and yeasts by micromorphological and physical-chemical analysis. Specific identification for yeasts was confirmed by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. The presence of fungal colonies was confirmed on the Sabouraud medium for 100% of the samples. No significant differences were observed comparing the concentrations of mycelia fungi in the rumen fluid from cows fed different forages and for the two categories evaluated, fed sorghum silage. Yeast populations in the rumen fluid from heifers fed sugarcane were higher compared with those receiving sorghum silage. The yeast Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) was the most frequent and among the mycelial fungi, the genus Aspergillus was the most frequently observed, corresponding to 56% of the samples. Future studies should elucidate the variations in the populations of these microorganisms considering the carbohydrate sources in the tropical forages and the animal categories. The ecological or pathogenic role of these microorganisms should also be considered, aiming at improved productivity and health of cattle.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho produtivo e econômico de ovinos confinados da raça Santa Inês, alimentados com dietas com diferentes taxas de inclusão de torta de macaúba. Os animais (24) foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, nos tratamentos com 0, 100, 200 e 300 g kg-1 de torta de macaúba na matéria seca da dieta, em seis repetições, durante 60 dias de confinamento. A adição de torta de macaúba a taxas crescentes à dieta aumentou linearmente o consumo de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e a conversão alimentar. Não houve diferença no consumo de matéria seca, ganho médio diário e ganho de peso vivo total com a adição da torta. O tratamento com inclusão de 100 g kg-1 apresentou a melhor relação custo:benefício na avaliação das receitas bruta e líquida obtidas com a venda dos animais vivos e abatidos. A adição da torta de macaúba em até 300 g kg-1 da dieta não altera o desempenho produtivo dos animais, entretanto, a inclusão de 100 g kg-1 proporciona melhor retorno econômico.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient uptake and the productive and economic performance of confined Santa Inês lambs fed diets with different levels of macauba pie inclusion . The animals (24) were distributed in a randomized block design, in treatments with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1 macauba pie in the diet dry matter, with six replicates during 60 days of confinement. The addition of macauba pie at increasing rates to the diet linearly increased the intake of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and feed conversion. There was no difference in dry matter intake, average daily gain and total live weight gain with the macauba pie addition. Diet with 100 g kg-1 macauba pie inclusion showed the best cost:benefit ratio in the evaluation of gross and net revenues from the sale of live and slaughtered animals. The addition of macauba pie up to 300 g kg-1 to the diet does not affect the animal growth performance; however, the addition of 100 g kg-1 macauba pie provides a better economic return.

A casca de pequi é um resíduo do processamento do fruto, encontrado em grande volume nas regiões do cerrado brasileiro, que pode constituir uma alternativa para a alimentação de ruminantes. Avaliou-se a cinética da degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do farelo da casca de pequi (FCP) e de dietas contendo diferentes níveis do resíduo em substituição ao capim-elefante (CE). Foram utilizados quatro caprinos, machos, portando cânulas ruminais, dispostos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcela subdividida. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de degradabilidade do FCP, capim-elefante e de dietas contendo 0, 10, 20 e 30% de FCP em substituição ao CE. Os alimentos foram incubados no rúmen nos tempos de 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Os resultados indicaram degradação potencial da MS, PB e FDN do resíduo superiores a 90, 80 e 80%, respectivamente. A adição do FCP em substituição ao CE resultou em maior degradabilidade da matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro, reflexo da maior fração solúvel e potencialmente degradável da MS do FCP. Para a fração protéica, a adição de FCP correlacionou-se negativamente com a fração solúvel, degradação potencial e efetiva, e positivamente com a fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável. A substituição do capim-elefante por FCP permite melhor aproveitamento da dieta, elevando o aporte de nutrientes ao animal.

The pequi hulls is a waste of pequi processing, found in large volume in the Brazilian Cerrado, which may provide an alternative to ruminants' diet. This experiment was developed to evaluate the ruminal degradation kinects of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of pequi hulls bran (PHB) and experimental diets, with different substitution levels of elephant grass (EG) by pequi hulls bran. Four goats castrated with ruminal cannulas were used in a randomized complete block as experimental design. It was evaluated the ruminal degradation of PHB, elephant grass and four diets with 0, 10, 20 e 30% of PHB in substitution to elephant grass. The feeds were incubated in the rumen at times 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results showed that the PHB had high degradation potential DM, CP and NDF, over 90, 80 and 80% respectively. The addition of the PHB, replacing the EG, resulted in a higher degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, because the pequi waste had higher soluble and potentially degradable fraction of DM than elephant grass. The PHB addition was negatively correlated with the soluble CP and with the potential and effective degradation of the CP, and positively correlated with insoluble potentially digestible CP. The EG substitution for PHB allows better utilization of the diets, increasing the nutrient supplies to the animal.

O estudo objetivou realizar ensaio toxicológico pré-clínico inicial para investigar a toxicidade das folhas de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.) e barbatimão [Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville] e do farelo da casca de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), por meio da determinação da dose letal 50% (DL50). Na investigação da DL50, foram utilizados grupos de camundongos Swiss de mesmo sexo (n=150, sendo 30 animais por tratamento) inoculados, por via intraperitoneal, com diluições seriadas do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de alecrim, aroeira e barbatimão e do farelo da casca de pequi. Após a inoculação, os animais foram observados por um período de 14 dias, para determinar a quantidade de mortos, doentes e sobreviventes. O estudo toxicológico pré-clínico agudo demonstrou, em camundongos por via intraperitoneal, toxicidade igual a 0,31mg mL-1 DL50 mL-1 para todas as plantas, exceto para o barbatimão, que apresentou toxicidade igual a 0,25mg mL-1. Pesquisas devem ser realizadas visando a obter dados de toxicidade das plantas em outras vias para assegurar o uso em saúde humana e animal.

This study aimed to conductpre-clinical toxicology testing to investigate the toxicity of Lippia sidoides Cham., Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All., Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville and Caryocar brasiliense Camb., by determining the 50% (LDL50) lethal dose. In the investigation of the LD50, groups of Swiss mice of the same sex were used (n=150; 30 animals per plant and all inoculated intraperitoneally with serial dilutions of the aqueous fraction obtained from the leaves of plants. After inoculation, the animals were observed along a period of 14 days in order to observe the dead, sick and survivors rate. In mice inoculated intraperitoneally, the acute pre-clinical toxicology testing demonstrated toxicity equal to 0,31mg mL-1 LD50 mL-1 for all plants. The exception was for Stryphnodendron adstringens, which presented toxicity equal to a 0,25mg mL-1DL50 mL-1 and values expressed in terms of dilution. Research should be conducted to obtain data on toxicity of the plants in other ways to ensure the use in human and animal health. Therefore, the studied plants should be used with caution. They present a relatively mild toxic potential, but it may be harmful to users if they are not properly utilized.

Com o presente estudo, foi avaliada a eficácia in vitro de extratos vegetais de resíduos da bananicultura sobre a inibição do desenvolvimento larval de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. A técnica de coprocultura quantitativa e qualitativa foi empregada para avaliar a eficácia anti-helmíntica dos extratos aquosos de folhas, pseudocaules e corações de bananeiras da cultivar 'Prata Anã', nas concentrações 25, 75 e 150mg mL-1, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os três extratos, em concentrações iguais ou superiores a 75mg mL-1, reduziram significativamente (P<0,05) o desenvolvimento larval dos nematódeos, com eficácia acima de 96,9%. A identificação das larvas desenvolvidas revelou a ocorrência de Haemonchus spp. nas culturas avaliadas, permitindo concluir que as partes testadas da bananeira apresentam propriedades anti-helmínticas sobre o desenvolvimento larval desse importante parasito.

This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of aqueous extracts from banana crop residues on the inhibition of larval development of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. The quantitative and qualitative coproculture technique was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous extract of leafs , pseudostems and hearts from banana plants, cv 'Prata Anã', at 25, 75 and 150mg mL-1 concentrations, in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the three extracts, in concentrations equal to or greater than 75mg mL-1, decreased significantly (P<0.05) the nematodes larval development, with efficacy up 96.9%. The identification of the developed larvae revealed occurrence of Haemonchus spp. in the evaluated samples, allowing to conclude that the tested parts of this plant showed anthelmintic properties on the larval development of this important parasite.

A verminose é um dos principais problemas sanitários da criação de pequenos ruminantes no Brasil e no mundo. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre a variação sazonal da contaminação parasitária e os efeitos da associação de um controle estratégico com um tático sobre ovinos criados em condições do Semiárido no norte de Minas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a variação sazonal da contaminação por helmintos gastrintestinais em borregos e matrizes ovinas em um sistema de controle integrado no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Durante um ano, mensalmente, foram coletadas amostras de 30 borregos e 30 matrizes de uma propriedade. Durante o mês de abril de 2007, foram também avaliados 68 ovinos em uma segunda propriedade, período esse que correspondeu à época de parição nas duas fazendas. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas diretamente da ampola retal para determinação do número de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG) e os dados submetidos à análise de variância. Os valores médios do OPG das matrizes apresentaram aumento significativo nos meses de maio e outubro de 2007, meses de parição na propriedade. Já para os borregos, ocorreu aumento significativo no OPG médio em março de 2007, coincidindo com o final da estação chuvosa. O controle integrado adotado foi eficiente na redução da contaminação após esses períodos relatados. Após o cultivo das larvas, os gêneros mais observados foram Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus e Strongyloides, tanto para o período seco, quanto para o chuvoso. A comparação das contaminações das matrizes das duas propriedades no mês de abril de 2007 indicou uma média de OPG significativamente maior na segunda propriedade, que não tratou esses animais antes do parto.

The verminosis is one of the principal sanitary problems in ovine herds in Brazil and around the world. However, little is known about the seasonal variation of the helminth contamination and the effects of the combination of a strategy control and a tactical control in sheep raised under in the Northern Minas semiarid conditions. In this study, the objective was to evaluate the seasonal helminth contaminations in lambs and ewes under an integrated control in the North of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The research was carried through during December 2006 to November 2007. Monthly faecal samples from 30 lambs and 30 ewes of one farm were collected. During April 2007, 68 sheep of a second farm were also evaluated, corresponding to the peri-partum time to both farms. The samples were collected directly from the recto and the faecal egg count (FEC) was determined and evaluated by variance analysis. The ewe FEC increased significantly in May and October ,which were peri-partum periods. Lamb FEC increased significantly in March , which coincided with the rainy season end. The integrated control was efficient to reduce the contaminations after these related periods. After the larvae culture, the genus Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and Strongyloides were the most observed to both dry and rainy periods. During April 2007 the ewe contamination was significantly higher in the second farm that did not treat these animals in the pre-partum.

Este estudo avaliou a contaminação por ovos de helmintos, cistos e oocistos de protozoários em compostos orgânicos utilizando lodo de esgoto doméstico e resíduos agropecuários. Foram realizadas análises parasitológicas em amostras de 25 diferentes compostos orgânicos, antes e após tratamento térmico a 60°C durante 12 horas. Os resultados demonstraram elevada contaminação parasitária em todos os compostos analisados antes do tratamento e a não redução dessa contaminação após o tratamento térmico. A identificação das larvas obtidas em coproculturas antes e após o tratamento térmico dos compostos indicou que os gêneros mais freqüentemente observados foram Cooperia e Trichostrongylus, que são nematóides gastrintestinais de ruminantes. Estes resultados demonstram que ovos de helmintos podem permanecer viáveis mesmo após o processo de compostagem e o tratamento térmico. Os compostos produzidos com lodo de esgoto doméstico e resíduo agropecuários, utilizando esses processos de tratamentos, podem constituir riscos de contaminação para humanos e animais.

This research aimed at evaluating the cysts, oocysts and eggs contamination before and after thermal treatment of 60°C for 12 hours, in 25 different organic composts produced with biosolids from domestic waste-water treatment and animal and agricultural residues. The results showed high parasitological contamination for all organic composts before the treatment and these contaminations were not reduced after thermic treatment. The larva identification in coprocultures before and after thermic treatment showed Cooperia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were the most prevalent nematodes. These results demonstrated that helmintus’ eggs can remain viable even after the composing and thermic treatment. The obtained composition with sewage sludge and agricultural residues through these treatment processes can establish contamination risks for humans and animals.